After high numbers in 2023, the year following the exceptionally low numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we see a normalisation of most vaccine-preventable diseases in 2024. The beneficial impact of routine vaccination is clear in the epidemiology of all these diseases. For some conditions, such as HPV-related cancers and chronic hepatitis B infections, this impact only becomes apparent several decades after the introduction of the vaccine. For other diseases (e.g. rotavirus, meningococcus C, RSV), the impact was almost immediate. Nevertheless, there were many cases of measles, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and whooping cough in 2024. This once again underlines the importance of optimal vaccination coverage and good surveillance.